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Growth and Development Growth: Growth is a permanent and irreversible increase in size that occurs as an organism mature. Development: The changes in shape and degree of complexity in an organism are called development. Development is a programmed series of stages from a simpler to more complexes from. As a result of development cellular differentiation of structure and function take place. Growth and Development in plants: Growth and development in plants are two successive integrated physiological processes. Growth is quantitative increase in the plant body. Because during growth permanent change occurs in the size and overall dry weight of plant is increased. Development on the other hand is qualitative changes in the plant body. Growth and development therefore, cannot be separated but one follows the other. Mostly plants show indeterminate growth i.e. show continue growth throughout their life. But some plants and animals show determinate growth i.e...

Chapter # 25 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY “The effect of the environment on the organism is called Environmental biology or Ecology.” OR “Ecology is the study of relationship between the organisms and their environment.” “Okios” means “Home life or place of living” and “logos” means “Study” The term Ecology was first introduced by a zoologist Reiter in 1885. Ecology was first of all fully defined by Ernst Hackel in 1869. As living organisms are of two types, plants and animals ecology is divided into Plant Ecology and Animal Ecology. Levels of Ecological organization Various levels of ecological organization are as under; Population: “A group of individual of the same species that live in the same area and share the same resources.” The word population has been taken from “populous” which means “people” Population size is the total number of organisms living in an area. Community: A group of different species of plants and animals living together in the sam...

Biotechnology: The industrial use of living organisms or their components to improve human health and food production is called biotechnology OR the utilization or exploitation of living organisms or their product for the benefit and welfare of human being is called biotechnology. Ther term biotechnology was first used by Karl Ereky in 1917. The history of biotechnology is as old as human civilization. The preparation of curd, ghee, wine bear, and vinegar in homes is traditional biotechnology. The modern biotechnology started during First World War. Germany was deprived of the supply of vegetable fats necessary for glycerol production. From this glycerol explosives were made by Germans. So Germany started fermentation of plant materials by yeast as an alternative source. Click here to Download